Bitmaps

Bitmaps are image files with the .BMP file name extension.

Bitmaps can use 1, 4, 8 or 24/32 bits per pixel(BPP) color palettes.
Unlike Qbasic, QB64 is capable of working with 24 bit per pixel color(16 million) bitmaps and can create 32 bit screens to use them with the _NEWIMAGE function.
Text SCREEN mode 0 cannot be screen saved in Qbasic or QB64.
The structure of the Bitmap header can be placed in a TYPE definition as below. This information can be used to find out the bitmap's Width and Height dimensions, Bits Per Pixel used and the offset of the actual image pixel data.
It should be noted that QB64's _LOADIMAGE function can load bitmaps and other type of images directly into a program and be placed simply by using _PUTIMAGE. _NEWIMAGE can create 256 or 32 bit SCREEN modes to display those images.

Bitmap Header

'Bitmap.BI can be included at start of program TYPE BMPEntry ID AS STRING * 2 Size AS LONG Res1 AS INTEGER Res2 AS INTEGER Offset AS LONG END TYPE TYPE BMPHeader Hsize AS LONG PWidth AS LONG PDepth AS LONG Planes AS INTEGER BPP AS INTEGER Compression AS LONG ImageBytes AS LONG Xres AS LONG Yres AS LONG NumColors AS LONG SigColors AS LONG END TYPE ' Description Bytes QB64 Function ' File ID("BM" text or 19778 AS Integer) 2 CVI("BM") ' Total Size of the file 4 LOF ' Reserved 1 always 0 2 ' Reserved 2 always 0 2 ' Start offset of image pixel data 4 (add one for GET) ' Total 14 'BMP header also used in Icon and Cursor files(.ICO and .CUR) ' Info header size (always 40) 4 ' Image width 4 _WIDTH(handle&) ' Image height (doubled in icons) 4 _HEIGHT(handle&) ' Number of planes (normally 1) 2 ' Bits per pixel(palette 1, 4, 8, 24) 2 _PIXELSIZE(handle&) ' Compression type(normally 0) 4 ' (Width + padder) * Height 4 ' Width in PELS per metre(normally 0) 4 ' Depth in PELS per metre(normally 0) 4 ' Number of Colors(normally 0) 4 2 ^ BPP ' Significant Colors(normally 0) 4 ' Total Header bytes = 40

'$INCLUDE: 'Bitmap.BI' 'use only when including a BI file DIM SHARED ENT AS BMPEntry DIM SHARED BMP AS BMPHeader LINE INPUT "Enter a bitmap file name: ", file$ '<<<< enter a bitmap file name OPEN file$ FOR BINARY AS #1 GET #1, 1, ENT 'get entry header(1 is first file byte in QB64 and Qbasic) GET #1, , BMP 'get bitmap header information PRINT "Size:"; ENT.Size; "bytes, Offset:"; ENT.Offset PRINT BMP.PWidth; "X"; BMP.PDepth PRINT "BPP ="; BMP.BPP CLOSE #1

Explanation: Use two GETs to read all of the header information from the start of the bitmap file opened FOR BINARY. It reads all 54 bytes as STRING, INTEGER and LONG type DOT variable values. TYPE DOT variables do not require type suffixes!

Snippet: Use the DOT variable name values like this GET (graphics statement) after you load the bitmap image to the screen:

GET (0, 0)-(BMP.PWidth - 1, BMP.PDepth - 1), Image(48) 'index after 16 * 3 RGB palette colors(0 to 47)

The bitmap image is now stored in an array to BSAVE to a file. The RGB color information follows the file header as ASCII character values read using ASC. The color values could be indexed at the start of the Array with the image being offset to: index = NumberOfColors * 3. As determined by the SCREEN mode used. In SCREEN 13(256 colors) the index would be 768.

BITMAP COMPRESSION METHODS Value Identified by Compression method Comments 0 BI_RGB none Most common 1 BI_RLE8 * RLE 8-bit/pixel Used only with 8-bit/pixel bitmaps 2 BI_RLE4 * RLE 4-bit/pixel Used only with 4-bit/pixel bitmaps 3 BI_BITFIELDS Bit field Used only with 16 and 32-bit/pixel bitmaps. 4 BI_JPEG JPEG Bitmap contains a JPEG image 5 BI_PNG PNG Bitmap contains a PNG image * RLE stands for Run Length Encoding which counts the number of consecutive pixels that are of the same color instead of assigning each pixel color separately.

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Image Data

Windows/OS2 Bitmaps ┌─────────┐ │BMP Entry│ │ 14 Byte │ │─────────│ │ Bitmap │ │ Header │ │ 40 Byte │ └────┬────┘ ┌─────────┬────┴────┬─────────┐ │ ┌───┴───┐ ┌───┴───┐ │ │ │ 4 BPP │ │ 8 BPP │ │ │ │Palette│ │Palette│ │ │ │64 Byte│ │1024 B │ │ ┌───┴───┐ └───┬───┘ └───┬───┘ ┌───┴───┐ │ 1 BPP │ ┌───┴───┐ ┌───┴───┐ │24 BPP │ │ IMAGE │ │ IMAGE │ │ IMAGE │ │ IMAGE │ │ DATA │ │ DATA │ │ DATA │ │ DATA │ │(W*H)\8│ │(W*H)\2│ │(W*H)*1│ │(W*H)*3│ │ bytes │ │ bytes │ │ bytes │ │ bytes │ └───────┘ └───────┘ └───────┘ └───────┘

Bits Per Pixel (BPP)

BPP returns 1 bit(Black and white), 4 bit(16 colors), 8 bit(256 colors) or 24 bit(16 million colors) for each pixel. In Qbasic 24 bit can only be in greyscale, but QB64 can display them as True Color. 24 bit is also often referred to as 32 bit, but each pixel uses three bytes of information for the Red, Green and Blue color intensity settings. Intensity settings are read as ASCII characters using ASC.

Palette Data (4 and 8 Bit Only)

Attribute color intensities for 4 and 8 BPP are set by the bitmap itself using the Palette data immediately following the bitmap header. The data is read as Blue, Green and Red color intensities with a one byte padder following each BGR setting. This is true for ALL Windows/OS2 bitmap color intensities including 24 bit, which reads the intensities directly from the image pixel data!

The Four Bit Palette is 64 bytes and the Eight Bit is 1024 bytes. One Bit and 24/32 Bit have no palette data! Note: _COPYPALETTE may be required to adapt the SCREEN palette to the custom colors of the bitmap.

Why BGR instead of RGB? Because the LONG _RGBA32 value with 0 _ALPHA is written to a file as 4 MKL$ ASCII characters.

SCREEN 13 '8 bit, 256 color screen mode Q$ = CHR$(34) INPUT "Enter a color number 1 to 255: ", colour PRINT OUT &H3C7, colour red = INP(&H3C9) * 4 green = INP(&H3C9) * 4 blue = INP(&H3C9) * 4 alpha = 0 'alpha values > 127 in _RGBA or _RGBA32 should use _UNSIGNED LONG COLOR _RGB(red, green, blue) 'returns closest attribute in 4 or 8 bit screen modes rgba~& = _RGBA32(red, green, blue, alpha) 'alpha is actually highest byte PRINT "RGBA ="; red; green; blue; alpha PRINT "_RGBA32 ="; rgba~&; " &H"; HEX$(rgba~&) _PRINTSTRING (40, 40), "BGR0 = " + Q$ + MKL$(rgba~&) + Q$ 'rightmost always CHR$(0) spacer END

Note: 16 colors at 4 bytes each = 64 bytes. 256 colors at 4 bytes each = 1024 bytes in the palette data with CHR$(0) spacers.

Warning! Use _UNSIGNED LONG when comparing _RGB or _RGB32 full _ALPHA values with POINT values!

Image Data

Image data starts immediately after the bitmap header with One Bit and 24 Bit colors. Immediately after the palette data with 4 Bit and 8 Bit colors. Image pixel data is read starting with the data from the BOTTOM row of the image. This is another idiosyncrasy of the Windows/OS2 bitmap. The pixel columns thankfully are read left to right. You may notice the image being drawn from the bottom up in Qbasic. The size of the data in a 24 Bit bitmap is almost triple the size of an 8 Bit one!

NOTE: The header Offset sets the position as the byte preceding the image data!

Image Data Padding Prevents Image Skewing

Image data is byte padded for odd bitmap widths and a minimum pixel byte width as set below:

1 BPP: minimum pixel widths of multiples of 32 (32 bits = 4 bytes) per row. Use: Padder bytes = 32 - (width MOD 32)
4 BPP: minimum pixel widths of multiples of 8 (32 bits = 4 bytes) per row. Padder bytes = (8 - (width MOD 8)) \ 2
8 BPP: minimum pixel widths of multiples of 4 (4 bytes) per row. Padder bytes = 4 - (width MOD 4)
24 BPP: minimum pixel widths of multiples of 4 (3 bytes/pixel = 12 bytes) per row. Padder bytes = 4 - ((width * 3) MOD 4)

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One Bit:

Since the pixel value is either on(white) or off(black), eight pixels can be stored in one byte of information. The total byte value determines which pixels are on or off. The MSB(highest)value is to the left and each pixel's on value decreases by an exponent of two down to a value of 1 for the LSB. However a minimum of 4 bytes of data must be used for each row of data, so a padder is used for other widths. The padder can be determined before the data is read using the following routine:

SUB OneBit 'Any Screen as Black and White BitsOver = BMP.PWidth MOD 32 'check bitmap width for 4 byte or odd width IF BitsOver THEN ZeroPAD$ = SPACE$((32 - BitsOver) \ 8) '16 and 48 wide have 2 byte padder y = BMPHead.PDepth - 1: o$ = " " GET #1, BMP.Offset, o$ ' offset is last byte of BMP header data (NO Palette) a$ = " " 'define a one byte string to read ASCII characters DO x = 0 DO GET #1, , a$ CharVAL = ASC(a$) 'ASCII value cannot use _BYTE Bit = 128 'start at MSB FOR BitCOUNT = 1 TO 8 IF CharVAL AND Bit THEN PSET (x, y), _RGB(255, 255, 255) '_RGB works in 1, 4, 8 or 32 bit screen mode ELSE PSET (x, y), _RGB(0, 0, 0) 'set pixels on as white END IF Bit = Bit / 2 'decrease exponent of 2 bit value x = x + 1 'move one pixel to the right NEXT BitCOUNT LOOP WHILE x < BMP.PWidth GET #1, , ZeroPAD$ 'skip the padder bytes if any y = y - 1 'move up one row from bottom LOOP UNTIL y = -1 END SUB

Code by Bob Seguin

One bit pixels are also used to create AND masks that can blend with a background for icons or cursors which are another form of bitmap. In fact, icons and cursors use a partial (40 byte) bitmap header! They just don't have the first 14 bytes of information. PSET can also use the B&W color values _RGB(255, 255, 255) and _RGB(0, 0, 0) when working in 4, 8 or 32 bit screen modes.

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Four Bit:

Pixels can use 16 colors in Qbasic legacy SCREEN modes 7, 8, 9, 12 and 13. After the bitmap header, the color palette is read to set the color intensities as explained above. Then the individual pixel attributes are read from the image data. Each pixel uses half a byte of color attribute information. To determine the pixel's attribute, each "nibble" is read by dividing the byte's ASCII value by 16 for the first pixel's value while the second pixel's value is found using AND 15 as shown below:

SUB FourBIT ' 4 bit(16 color) Screens 7, 8, 9, 12 or 13 IF BMP.PWidth MOD 8 THEN ZeroPAD$ = SPACE$((8 - BMP.PWidth MOD 8) \ 2) a$ = " " OUT &H3C8, 0 'start at attribute 0 FOR Colr = 0 TO 15 'read palette data for intensities GET #1, , a$: Blu = ASC(a$) \ 4 'intensity is divided by 4 to use OUT GET #1, , a$: Grn = ASC(a$) \ 4 GET #1, , a$: Red = ASC(a$) \ 4 OUT &H3C9, Red 'NOTE: RGB settings could also be sent directly to an OUT &H3C9, Grn 'array when the data is to be stored by a file using OUT &H3C9, Blu 'BSAVE or with one PUT # to a BINARY file in QB64 GET #1, , a$ '--- skip unused spacer byte NEXT Colr o$ = " " GET #1, BMP.Offset, o$ 'Offset is the last byte of palette data y = BMP.PDepth - 1: a$ = " " DO x = 0 'image placed at left side of screen DO GET #1, , a$ HiNIBBLE = ASC(a$) \ &H10 'ASCII value divided by 16 colors LoNIBBLE = ASC(a$) AND &HF 'ASCII value AND 15 PSET (x, y), HiNIBBLE x = x + 1 PSET (x, y), LoNIBBLE x = x + 1 LOOP WHILE x < BMPHead.PWidth GET #1, , ZeroPAD$ 'skip padder bytes if any y = y - 1 'move up one row from bottom LOOP UNTIL y = -1 END SUB

Code by Bob Seguin

How Nibble values are read

Each half of a byte of image pixel data stores a color attribute value from 0 to 15 or from 0000 to 1111 in binary with 1 designating that the bit is on. So when the two halves are added the binary byte value for two white pixels totals 111111111 binary or 255.

To get the high nibble, divide the byte value by 16(&H10) using integer division: HiNibble = 255 \ 16 = 15
To get the low nibble, use the byte value AND 15(&HF) to get all set bit values up to 15: LoNibble = 255 AND 15 = 15

AND 15 will return any lower byte value while integer division by 16 will return any byte value over 15 as attributes 0 to 15.

QB64 can GET a full Screen 12 image into one BINARY file with PUT using an 80K INTEGER array instead of using 3 in Qbasic!

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Eight Bit:

Pixels can use 256 colors in Qbasic legacy SCREEN mode 13 or a _NEWIMAGE Screen using 256 or "borrowing" screen 13. Image data is immediately after the 1024 bytes of palette data BGR intensity settings. Pixel attributes are each set by reading the byte's ASCII value directly.

SUB EightBIT ' 8 Bit (256 color) Screen 13 Only IF BMP.PWidth MOD 4 THEN ZeroPAD$ = SPACE$(4 - (BMP.PWidth MOD 4)) 'check for padder a$ = " " OUT &H3C8, 0 'start at attribute 0 FOR Colr = 0 TO 255 GET #1, , a$: Blu = ASC(a$) \ 4 GET #1, , a$: Grn = ASC(a$) \ 4 GET #1, , a$: Red = ASC(a$) \ 4 OUT &H3C9, Red OUT &H3C9, Grn OUT &H3C9, Blu GET #1, , a$ '--- skip unused spacer byte NEXT Colr y = BMP.PDepth - 1: o$ = " " GET #1, BMP.Offset, o$ 'Offset is last byte of palette data. p$ = " " DO: x = 0 DO GET #1, , p$ PSET (x, y), ASC(p$) x = x + 1 LOOP WHILE x < BMP.PWidth GET #1, , ZeroPAD$ 'skip padder if any y = y - 1 'move up one row from bottom LOOP UNTIL y = -1 END SUB

Code by Bob Seguin

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Twenty Four Bit:

For screen modes created by _NEWIMAGE using 24 or 32 bit bitmaps. Image data starts immediately after the bitmap header. There is no palette data! Each BGR color intensity is one byte of the ASCII code value directly. Values range from 0 to 255 using QB64's _RGB or _RGB32 functions to set the PSET colors as below:

SUB TrueCOLOR '24/32 BIT IF ((BMP.PWidth * 3) MOD 4) <> 0 THEN '3 byte pixels ZeroPAD$ = SPACE$((4 - ((BMP.PWidth * 3) MOD 4))) END IF y = BMP.PDepth - 1: o$ = " " GET #1, BMP.Offset, o$ 'Offset is last byte of BMP header data R$ = " " G$ = " " B$ = " " DO x = 0 'place image to left side of screen DO GET #1, , B$ 'intensities read in reverse order BGR like palette GET #1, , G$ GET #1, , R$ red& = ASC(R$) 'read ASCII code value 0 to 255 (or use _UNSIGNED _BYTE) green& = ASC(G$) blue& = ASC(B$) PSET (x, y), _RGB(red&, green&, blue&) 'legacy screens give closest 4 or 8 bit attribute x = x + 1 LOOP WHILE x < BMP.PWidth GET #1, , ZeroPAD$ 'skip padder if any y = y - 1 'move up one row from bottom LOOP UNTIL y = -1 END SUB

Code by Ted Weissgerber

Why BGR instead of RGB? Because the _RGB LONG value without _ALPHA is written to the file backwards as LEFT$(MKL$, 3).

Converting to Grey Scale or Black and White The palettes can be set to greyscale by ignoring the actual palette data and/or averaging the pixel's RGB image data. It may also be necessary when trying to view 24 BPP bitmaps in SCREEN 12 or 13. See: Grey Scale Bitmaps

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Creating Bitmaps

In BINARY files, numerical data can also be converted to ASCII characters by using MKI$ for INTEGERs or MKL$ for LONG values. GET can convert _MK$ values to numerical values and PUT can convert numerical values to STRING values. When the LONG MKL$ color values are PUT into bitmaps the Red value is placed as the third ASCII character and the blue becomes the first character. That not only happens to the BGR palette data, but the BGR 24 bit image color values PUT using the left 3 bytes.

pixelcolor$ = LEFT$(MKL$(_RGB(red%, green%, blue%)), 3)

After the header, the RGB color intensity palette settings for 16 and 256 color bitmaps are created using MKL$ ASCII characters set backwards as Blue, Green, Red and CHR$(0) as a spacer. Four and Eight BPP bitmaps require that format.

The actual 4 bit or 8 bit image is read as ASCII color attributes from the image bottom to the top for proper bitmap formatting adding padder spacing when needed. 24/32 bit images use 3 color intensity values as ASCII character bytes in BGR order.

Bitmap creation SUB programs: